Footnote
- TED: The Economics Daily. “In 2023, the majority of home health aides and personal care aides were women.” Bureau of Labor Statistics. November 2024.
- Shakya, Shishir. “Understanding the Role of Immigrants in the US Health Sector: Employment Trends from 2007-21.” Baker Institute for Public Policy. January 3, 2024.
- Espinoza, Robert. “Bridging the Gap: Enhancing Support for Immigrant Direct Care Workers and Meeting Long-Term Care Needs.” PHI. September 26, 2023.
- Kiernan, Paul. “Desperate for Workers but Dead Set Against Migrant Labor: The West Virginia Dilemma.” Wall Street Journal. May 8, 2024.
- Caplan, Zoe. “U.S. Older Population Grew From 2010 to 2020 at Fastest Rate Since 1880 to 1890.” United States Census Bureau. May 25, 2023.
- “2023 National Population Projections Tables: Main Series.” United States Census Bureau. October 31, 2023.
- Our World in Data. “Old-age dependency ratio, 1950 to 2023.” UN, World Population Prospects. 2024.
- “Unpaid Eldercare in the United States – 2021-2022 Data from the American Time Use Survey.” Bureau of Labor Statistics. September 21, 2023.
- “2020 Report: Caregiving in the US.” National Alliance for Caregiving (NAC) and AARP. May 2020.
- Carmeli, Eli. “The Invisibles: Unpaid Caregivers of the Elderly.” Frontiers in Public Health. 2 (91). July 2014.
- “Unpaid Eldercare,” Bureau of Labor Statistics.
- Occupational Outlook Handbook. “Home Health and Personal Care Aides.” Bureau of Labor Statistics. August 2024.
- Reinhard, Susan C. et. al. “Valuing the Invaluable: 2023 Update: Strengthening Supports for Family Caregivers.” AARP Public Policy Institute. March 2023.
- Clemens, Michael A. “Trump’s proposed mass deportations would backfire on US workers.” Peterson Institute for International Economics. March 2024; Lynch, Robert and Michael Ettlinger. “The Economic Impact on Citizens and Authorized Immigrants of Mass Deportation.” Carsey School of Public Policy. August 2024; and, East, Chloe N. “The labor market impact of deportations.” The Hamilton Project. September 2024
- Abramitzky, Ran et. al. “The Effects of Immigration on the Economy: Lessons from the 1920s Border Closure.” NBER Working Paper Series. Working Paper 26536. December 2019 and Long, Joe, Carlo Medici, Nancy Qian and Marco Tabellini. “The Impact of the Chinese Exclusion Act on the Economic Development of the Western U.S.” NBER Working Paper Series. Working Paper 33019. October 2024.
- Davis, Carl, Marco Guzman and Emma Sifre. “Tax Payments by Undocumented Immigrants.” Institute on Taxation and Economic Policy (ITEP). July 2024. and Bahal, Sanya. “The Effect of Immigration on Social Security’s Finances.” Bipartisan Policy Center. November 2024.
- Schmitz, Hendrik and Matthias Westphal. “Informal Care and Long-Term Labor Market Outcomes.” Journal of Health Economics. 56. December 2017; Wilcox, Virginia and Herman Sahni. “The Effects on Labor Supply of Living with Older Family Members Needing Assistance with Activities of Daily Living.” Journal of Family and Economic Issues. 44. 2023; and, Maestas, Nicole, Matt Messel and Yulya Truskinovsky. “Caregiving and Labor Supply: New Evidence from Administrative Data.” Journal of Labor Economics. 42 (S1). April 2024.
- Forden, Jessica. “Effects of Elder Caregiving on Labor Force Participation.” Schwartz Center for Economic Policy Analysis and Department of Economics, The New School for Social Research. SCEPA Working Paper Series, 3. December 2023 and Brady, Samantha. “New Role, New Paycheck: The Impact on Women’s Wages When Becoming a Caregiver for an Aging Parents.” Res Aging. 46 (3-4). March-April 2024.
- Smith, Peter M., Caroline Cawley and Allison Williams. “Male/Female Differences in the Impact of Caring for Elderly Relatives on Labor Market Attachment and Hours of Work: 1997-2015.” The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. 75 (3). March 2020; Shen, Karen. “Who Benefits from Public Financing of Home-Based Long Term Care? Evidence from Medicaid.” Journal of Public Economics. 236. August 2024; and, Maestas, Messel and Truskinovsky, “Caregiving and Labor Supply.”
- Berry, Leonard L., Mary Kummer Naber, Sunjay Letchuman and Peter Fitzgerald. “A More Humane Model for Eldercare in the U.S.” Harvard Business Review. June 2023.
- Fernald, John G, Huiyu Li, Brigid Meisenbacher and Aren S. Yalcin. “Productivity During and Since the Pandemic.” FRBSF Economic Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. November 25, 2024.
- Fee, Kyle D. “Does Job Quality Affect Occupational Mobility?” Community Development Reports. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland. August 4, 2022.
- “The Impact of COVID-19 on Recruitment and Talent Acquisition.” University of Illinois, Springfield. May 9, 2023; Shah, Krishan et. al. “Managers say working from home is here to stay.” VoxEU, CEPR. February 18, 2024; and Wulff Pabilonia, Sabrina and Jill Janocha Redmond, “The rise in remote work since the pandemic and its impact on productivity.” Beyond the Numbers: Productivity. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 13 (8). October 2024.
- Alon, Titan, David Berger, Robert Dent and Benjamin Pugsley. “Older and Slower: The Startup Deficit’s Lasting Effects on Aggregate Productivity Growth.” NBER Working Paper Series. Working Paper 23875. September 2017.
- Chan, Samantha et. al. “Co-designing Generative AI Technologies with Older Adults to Support Daily Tasks.” An MIT Exploration of Generative AI. September 2024.
- Keita Fakeye, Maningbè B. et. al. “Caregiving-Related Work Productivity Loss Among Employed Family and Other Unpaid Caregivers of Older Adults.” Value in Health. 26 (5). May 2023 and Das, Neha et. al. “Absenteeism and Presenteeism Among Caregivers of Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.” Social Science & Medicine. 363. December 2024.
- MetLife Mature Market Institute and the National Alliance for Caregiving. “The MetLife Caregiving Cost Study: Productivity Losses to U.S. Businesses.” MetLife Mature Market Institute. July 2006. Fuller, Joseph B. “Healthy Outcomes: How Employers’ Support for Employees with Caregiving Responsibilities Can Benefit the Organization.” Harvard Business School. January 2024 and Elayan, Saif et. al. “The Economic Costs of Informal Care: Estimates from a National Cross-Sectional Survey in The Netherlands.” The European Journal of Health Economics. 25 (8). November 2024.