In this Spring Budget statement on 6 March 2024, Jeremy Hunt, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, used what may be his last set piece parliamentary economic statement prior to the forthcoming general election to set out some major personal tax changes. Further tax administration measures will be announced on 18 April 2024.
Businesses (except those in the energy sector) have little to worry about this time around, following the UK corporation tax increase to 25 percent, the adoption of rules intended to achieve a global 15 percent minimum tax rate and full expensing for plant and machinery expenditure over the past couple of years. The Government confirmed that it was proposing to extend the full expensing for plant and machinery expenditure for leasing but only when economic conditions allow. An extension of the Energy Profits Levy (the 35 percent levy on profits arising from the upstream production of oil and gas) for an additional year to 31 March 2029 was also announced.
Further incentives for the creative sector were announced worth a total of circa £1 billion over the next five years. A 53 percent UK independent film tax credit will be introduced for films with budgets under £15 million from 1 April 2024, a five percent increase in tax relief for UK visual effects in film and high-end TV, with UK visual effects costs exempt from the 80 percent cap on qualifying expenditure from 1 April 2025 and the rates of relief for theatres, orchestras and museums made permanent from 1 April 2025 at 45 percent for touring and 40 percent for non-touring productions. Eligible film studios will benefit from a 40 percent relief on gross business rates until April 2034.
Other business rates measures include an extension of the empty property relief reset period from six to thirteen weeks from 1 April 2024 and the consultation on the introduction of a general avoidance rule.
The VAT registration threshold will be increased from £85,000 to £90,000 from 1 April 2024 ending a seven-year freeze.
The two percent cut in the main rate of national insurance contributions (NIC) for employees and self-employed from 6 April 2024 was well trailed in advance as was the expectation that fuel duty will be frozen for yet another year. Taking into account the NIC changes announced last autumn, compared with 2023 this will be a total four percent cut in the main NIC rate for employees to eight percent with a three percent cut in the self-employed rate to six percent from 6 April 2024.
The threshold for applying the high income child benefit charge has been increased by £10,000 to £60,000 from 6 April 2024 with the rate of the charge effectively halved by increasing the end of the taper range by £20,000 to £80,000. Further changes to this charge are on the horizon with HMRC being given the power to look at total household incomes so that this regime could in future apply to the total household income rather than on an individual basis.
In order to fund these significant tax giveaways, the Chancellor did not change his existing tight proposals for government spending over the next five years of a one percent per year real increase in spending but instead has focused on using investment in artificial intelligence and information technology to increase productivity in the national health services and other areas.
Tax raising measures introduced by the Chancellor include the abolition of multiple dwellings relief for stamp duty land tax with effect for completions on or after 1 June 2024 and contract exchanges after 6 April 2024, the abolition of the special tax treatment of furnished holiday lettings and the reduction of capital gains tax rate on residential property to 24 percent (which is expected to increase tax revenue).
The largest tax raising measure is the abolition of the existing non domicile regime from 6 April 2025 which will be replaced with a new exemption for foreign income and gains for the first four years of UK residence of an individual coming to the UK on the proviso that they have not been resident in the UK for the last ten years. Overseas workday relief will be retained and simplified for employees in their first three years of residence, though from 6 April 2025 it will only be available to new arrivals in the UK who are eligible for the foreign income and gains (FIG) regime. This significant change will involve removing the existing income tax and capital gains tax protections for non-resident trusts (unless a settlor is eligible for the FIG regime at the time a charge arises) although the inheritance tax benefits of trusts created by non domiciled individuals may continue.
Transitional relief will apply for those individuals who currently benefit from the remittance basis and will not benefit from the new four year exemption with a 50 percent reduction in income tax rates on personal foreign income in the 2025-26 tax year. Remittance basis users will also be able to claim to rebase foreign assets to 6 April 2019 and foreign income and gains which have arisen prior to 6 April 2025 will be eligible to be remitted to the UK at a tax rate of 12 percent under the temporary repatriation facility.
Existing non-UK domiciliaries will need to take care to understand the new rules and the potential benefits provided by the transitional regime over the next year.
Another significant change to personal taxation is the proposed change to the inheritance tax system from one based on domicile to one based on residence in conjunction with connection factors, to take effect from 6 April 2025. Depending on the details, which will be subject to consultation, it is possible that non-UK assets will fall into and out of scope of UK inheritance tax 10 years after arriving in the UK, or 10 years after emigrating from the UK, respectively.
It is said that to govern is to choose. The Chancellor has chosen to steal one of Labour’s prominent tax policies to part fund his NIC cut for employees and the self-employed while keeping future government spending on a tight leash. Whether this has any impact on the general election time will tell.
As anticipated, the Spring Budget was relatively quiet from a business tax point of view. The main beneficiary from the measures which were announced was the creative sector, which saw various reliefs for theatres, orchestras, museums and galleries either being increased or made permanent from 1 April 2025, together with a new tax credit for independent films and other measures intended to further boost the UK film industry. The associated cost of these reliefs, and of increasing the VAT registration from £85,000 to £90,000, was dwarfed by the revenue raised through the one year extension to the Energy Profits Levy – the most significant business tax announcement in terms of Exchequer impact.
Looking ahead, the Government intends to move forward with proposals to extend ‘full expensing’ relief to leased assets, with draft legislation being released shortly, but the relief only taking effect when ‘fiscal conditions allow’. Other announcements were concerned with encouraging investment in UK businesses in the future rather than simply giving tax breaks to businesses now, with the planned launch of a UK ISA and work being undertaken to better understand investment in UK businesses by pension funds.
A more detailed summary of the Budget measures is set out below:
The Government has announced that, in line with plans originally announced at the Autumn Statement, they will be publishing for consultation draft legislation for the potential expansion of full expensing to include plant and machinery for leasing. This extension will, however, only take effect ‘when fiscal conditions allow’.
There will be an extension of the Energy Profits Levy (the 35 percent levy on profits arising from the upstream production of oil and gas) for an additional year to 31 March 2029.
As announced in Autumn Statement 2023, legislation will be introduced to provide for the Energy Security Investment Mechanism (ESIM). This mechanism will operate to end the levy if the six-month average price for both oil and gas is at or below the ESIM threshold prices. This will take effect following Royal Assent to Spring Finance Bill 2024.
Read more: Windfall tax on oil and gas extended
The Government has announced an increase in the VAT registration threshold from £85,000 to £90,000. There will also be an increase in the deregistration threshold from £83,000 to £88,000. These threshold changes are effective from 1 April 2024.
The threshold has been at £85,000 since 1 April 2017 and it was previously announced in the Autumn Statement in 2022 that this freeze would be extended for an additional 2 years until 2026.
A number of changes to the reliefs enjoyed by the creative industries were announced.
An Independent Film Tax Credit for UK independent films with a production budget of less than £15 million is to be UK independent films. This will provide an enhanced Audio-Visual Expenditure Credit of 53 percent (compared to the basic rate of 34 percent), on qualifying expenditure (capped at 80 percent of total core expenditure) incurred on or after 1 April 2024 – although claims may only be submitted from 1 April 2025.
The Government announced permanent rates of relief for Theatre Tax Relief, Orchestra Relief, and Museums and Galleries Exhibition Tax Relief (MGETR). This will take effect from 1 April 2025 and will be 45 percent for touring productions, and 40 percent for non-touring productions and all orchestral productions.
There will be an additional tax relief credit of 5 percent available for visual effects costs in film and high-end TV, and the current 80 percent cap on qualifying expenditure will be removed. Both measures will take effect from 1 April 2025. A consultation is to be published on the types of expenditure that will be within scope of this additional tax relief. It is not expected to be possible to claim both this relief and the new independent film tax credit in respect of the same film.
A 40 percent relief on gross business rates for eligible film studios until 2034 was also announced.
Read more: Additional support for the creative industry sectors
The Government has Common Reporting Standards (CRS2) to seek views on the implementation of the OECD amendments to the Common Reporting Standard (CRS2), the international tax transparency regime for the automatic exchange of information on financial accounts, and OECD proposals for reporting in relation to crypto assets. The consultation also seeks views on a potential extension of the CRS to include reporting on UK resident taxpayers by UK financial institutions, creating greater consistency in the information provided to HMRC about UK and non-UK residents and the mechanisms for doing this. The consultation will close on 29 May 2024.
Read more: Amendments to the Common Reporting Standards
A new UK ISA with an allowance of £5,000 per annum to be introduced to encourage investment in UK incorporated businesses listed or admitted to trading on a UK recognised stock exchange. A consultation on this has been published and will run to 6 June 2024.
Read more: New UK ISA announced
The Government published its response to the consultation on the scope and design of a tax regime for a Reserved Investor Fund (RIF), a new type of investment fund for professional and institutional investors. Legislation is expected to be introduced in the Spring Finance Bill 2024, with detailed rules and commencement date being set out in a statutory instrument to be laid at a later date.
Read more: Government to introduce the Reserved Investor Fund
The Government has Multiple Dwellings Relief effective from 1 June 2024, following an external evaluation which concluded there was no strong evidence the relief met its policy objectives of promoting investment in the private rented sector. Contracts that complete before this date will benefit from the relief as will transactions where contracts were exchanged on or before 6 March 2024 (subject to various exclusions) whenever they complete. The Government announced their intention to engage with the agricultural sector on the impacts of this measure.
For employers, the Spring Budget’s key headline measure was the widely trailed further two percentage point cut in the main rate of Employee’s Class 1 NIC from 6 April 2024. Once again, employers and payroll providers have only a few weeks to update payroll configurations for the new reduced rate. This could challenge some employers, though the previous NIC reduction from 6 January may provide a playbook to follow.
Another key announcement was the abolition of the current remittance basis of taxation for non-domiciled individuals, and its replacement with a residence-based regime. This is relevant to employers with internationally mobile employees, and its impact on secondment policies and costings will require careful consideration, in particular revisions to an individual’s eligibility for Overseas Workday Relief from 6 April 2025.
The Government will provide an update on its umbrella company consultation on Tax Administration and Maintenance Day on 18 April. This is relevant to all organisations that engage contingent labour and may have umbrella companies in their supply chains. Also of continuing interest to employers are the consultations that have yet to report – on potential tax reliefs for employer provided occupational health services and potential improvements to tax advantaged all-employee share plans. We expect further announcements on these in due course.
A more detailed summary of key measures is set out below:
As was widely trailed, from 6 April 2024 the Employee’s Class 1 NIC main rate will reduce from 10 percent to 8 percent. Additionally, for the self-employed, from 6 April 2024 the Class 4 NIC rate will be cut from 8 percent to 6 percent. At the Autumn Statement the Government announced that the requirement to pay Class 2 NIC would end from 6 April 2024 (though voluntary contributions may still be made), and that Class 2 NIC would subsequently be abolished. The Government will consult later this year on how to deliver the abolition of Class 2 NIC.
Read more: Further reduction to employee’s NIC confirmed
The current tax regime for non-domiciled individuals will be abolished from 6 April 2025 and, subject to several transitional arrangements, replaced with a new residence-based system, known as the Foreign Income and Gains (FIG) regime. Broadly, this will tax all individuals who are resident in the UK for more than four tax years on foreign income and gains on the same basis – regardless of their domicile status. Individuals who are UK resident for four tax years or fewer, and who have not been UK resident for a period of ten years prior to becoming UK resident, may opt to be taxed only on UK income and gains, and will be able to remit overseas income and gains tax free.
These reforms, and their potential impact on overseas secondments and tax equalisation policies, will be of interest to organisations with internationally mobile employees. In particular, Overseas Workday Relief (OWR) will be reformed, with eligible employees continuing to be able to claim OWR for the first three years of UK tax residence, but with no restriction on whether or not those earnings may be remitted to the UK. The Government will consult on the eligibility criteria for reformed OWR in due course, though it is understood that individuals not eligible for the new FIG regime will in turn not be eligible for OWR. Please see our commentary in the ‘Individuals’ section for further details on these announcements.
Read more: Reform of the UK’s Non-Dom Regime
In Summer 2023, the Government consulted on policy options for regulating umbrella companies to strengthen the enforcement of employment rights, and address tax non-compliance in the contingent labour market. HMRC subsequently published guidance on how they expect organisations to exclude non-compliant umbrella companies from their labour supply chains. The Government will provide an update on this consultation on Tax Administration and Maintenance Day on 18 April 2024. New guidance for workers and organisations who engage with umbrella companies will also be published in Summer 2024.
The Government has announced that it will continue to ‘explore’ a lifetime provider model for Defined Contribution (DC) pension schemes over the long-term (i.e., the previously announced ‘pension pot for life’).
The Chancellor announced a number of tax reforms in the Spring Budget and these include major reforms impacting individuals. Of particular interest are the taxation of non-UK domiciled individuals and the taxation of property, with several announcements made in these areas.
A more detailed summary of the Budget measures is set out below:
The current ‘remittance basis’ tax regime for non-UK domiciled individuals will be abolished in favour of a new system, based on residency, from 6 April 2025. Under the new regime, there will be no UK tax on foreign income and gains for the first four years of UK tax residency, where individuals have not been UK resident in the previous 10 consecutive tax years. This will allow qualifying individuals to bring their foreign income and gains to the UK without a tax charge. Overseas workday relief will remain available to those individuals on a simplified basis.
After four years, individuals will be subject to UK tax on their worldwide income and gains.
Transitional arrangements will be introduced for existing non-UK domiciled individuals. These will include, for those who have claimed the remittance basis, a rebasing of capital assets to 5 April 2019 (for assets held at that date) for disposals from 6 April 2025. There will also be a temporary 50 percent exemption for the taxation of foreign income for the first year of the new regime (2025-26) and existing non-doms will be able to remit foreign income and gains that arose before 6 April 2025 to the UK at a rate of 12 percent during the 2025/26 and 2026/27 tax years.
The Treasury has also confirmed that it is removing current protections on non-resident trusts for all new foreign income and gains that arise within them from 6 April 2025. Those within the four-year foreign income and gains regime will be able to receive benefits from overseas trusts free of UK tax. Settlors and beneficiaries outside this regime will be taxed on the same basis as UK domiciled individuals on new income and gains.
This represents a significant change for those medium and long-term residents who will be affected.
Read more: UK's Non-Dom Regime Abolished
As part of the changes to the tax regime for non-UK domiciled individuals, there will be a consultation on moving IHT to a system based on residence, removing the relevance of domicile. The Government has suggested that from 6 April 2025 UK assets will be within the scope of IHT regardless of the residence of the owner (as is currently the case), with non-UK assets coming within scope after 10 years of residence. For individuals leaving the UK, it is suggested that non-UK assets would remain in scope for at least 10 years after residence ceases and possibly longer depending on ‘other connecting factors’.
Where non-UK assets have been settled into an ‘excluded property trust’ by a non-UK domiciled individual prior to 6 April 2025, it is proposed that these will remain outside the scope of IHT.
Read more: Inheritance Tax based on UK residence from 6 April 2025
The higher rate of CGT for residential property disposals by individuals, trustees and personal representatives, where Private Residence Relief is not available, will be cut from 28 percent to 24 percent from 6 April 2024. The lower rate will remain at 18 percent for any gains that fall within the basic rate band.
This rate reduction will be beneficial to non-residents with homes in the UK, investment property owners as well as those with second homes.
The introduction of a new UK ISA has been announced, giving individuals an additional £5,000 annual ISA allowance for investment in the UK. The Government is consulting on how to design and implement the new UK ISA and the timeframe for introduction has not been clarified.
In line with previous recommendation of the Office of Tax Simplification (OTS), the FHL regime is to be abolished from April 2025. Draft legislation is awaited which will include anti-forestalling rules, to apply from 6 March 2024, to prevent tax advantages being obtained in relation to CGT reliefs.
Currently FHL are treated as a trade for tax purposes and abolishing this regime is expected to mean that FHL properties and the associated income will have the same treatment as other residential property for income tax, CGT and IHT. This is expected to include the restriction which applies to the deduction of finance costs for other residential property rental income, which does not currently apply to FHL. FHL currently qualify for some special treatment for both CGT and IHT and this is expected to no longer be available.
The change in treatment of FHLs will ease income tax reporting requirements as there will no longer be a need to report income from FHL and other rental income separately.
Following consultation, the extension of inheritance tax APR to non-agricultural environmental land management will go ahead from 6 April 2025. The extended relief will apply to land which, having been agricultural land for at least two years immediately prior to the change of use, is managed under an environmental agreement with, or on behalf of, the UK Government, Devolved Administrations, public bodies, local authorities or approved responsible bodies. Certain buildings used in connection with the land may also qualify. The relief will be available where there is an agreement in place for the environmental land management scheme on or after 6 March 2024, including an agreement entered into before 6 March 2024 if it remains in place on or after that date. The relief will continue to be available after the end of the agreement if the land continues to be managed in a way that is consistent with the agreement.
The High Income Child Benefit Charge (HICBC) threshold will be increased from £50,000 to £60,000 from April 2024. The rate at which HICBC is charged will also be halved so that Child Benefit is not fully withdrawn until individuals earn £80,000 or higher.
The Government will consult on plans to administer the HICBC on a household rather than an individual basis by April 2026, to remove perceived unfairness in the current system.
