2019 Change Readiness Index Primary and Secondary Sources

2019 Change Readiness Index Sources

More than 125 secondary data variables were used to calculate the 2019 Change Readiness Index, as well as 25 primary survey question responses, which were gathered from 1,400 country specialists from 140 countries around the world.

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Highlights

Pillar 1: Enterprise capability
Pillar 2: Government capability
Pillar 3: People and civil society capability

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The full list of primary and secondary data variables and sources, and the primary survey questions are shown in the following tables, grouped by change readiness pillar.

Pillar 1: Enterprise capability

Sub-index	Primary survey	Secondary data	Sources
1.1 Labor market	N/A	Hiring and firing practices	WEF GCI
		Cooperation in labor-employer relations	WEF GCI
		Flexibility of wage determination	WEF GCI
		Pay and productivity	WEF GCI
1.2 Economic diversification	How effective is your country at promoting a diversified economy in which a wide range of different sectors contribute to gross domestic product?	Diversity of exports by country exported to	UNCTAD
1.2 Economic diversification		Diversity of exports by variety of products exported	UNCTAD
1.3 Economic openness	N/A	Tariff rate applied, weighted mean	WB WDI
		Prevalence of non-tariff barriers	WEF GCI
		Trade tariffs	WEF GCI
		Enforcing contracts	WB DB
		Time to export (days)	WB DB
		Cost to export ($ per container)	WB DB
		Cost to import ($ per container)	WB DB
		Time to import (days)	WB DB
		Prevalence of foreign ownership	WEF GCI
		Trade freedom index of economic freedom	Heritage Foundation
1.4 Innovation, research and development	How effective are the public and commercial institutions in your country at financing, undertaking, and benefiting from innovation, research and development (R&D)?	Growth of innovative companies	WEF GCI
		Global innovation index – knowledge creation pillar	Cornell University
		Researchers in R&D per million persons	WB WDI
		R&D expenditure (percent of GDP)	WEF GCI
		Trademark applications	WEF GCI
		R&D expenditure	WEF GCI
		Multi stakeholder collaboration	WEF GCI
		Diversity of workforce	WEF GCI
1.5 Business environment	N/A	Average cost of bankruptcy procedures (percent of estate)	WB DB
		Distortive effect of taxes and subsidies on competition	WEF GCI
		Total tax rate	World Bank
		Business freedom	Index of Economic Freedom
		Strength of investor protection index (0-10)	WB DB
		Competition in services	WEF GCI
		Extent of market dominance	WEF GCI
		Time taken to pay taxes (hours per year)	WB DB
1.6 Financial sector	How effective is the governance of the financial sector in your country in promoting financial stability? How effective is the governance of the financial sector in your country in promoting broad access to finance?	Financing of SMES	WEF GCI
		Venture capital availability	WEF GCI
		Soundness of banks	WEF GCI
		Domestic credit provided by banking sector percent GDP	WB WDI
1.7 Transport & utilities infrastructure	How effective is the government in your country at promoting well-functioning utility infrastructure that maximizes socio-economic development and economic growth?	Logistics performance index	World Bank
		Quality of roads	WEF GCI
		Railroad density	WEF GCI
		Efficiency of train services	WEF GCI
		Efficiency of seaport services	WEF GCI
		Efficiency of air transport services	WEF GCI
		Airport connectivity	WEF GCI
		Number of air passengers, per thousand population	WB WDI
		Electricity quality	WEF GCI
		Broadband internet subscribers per head	WB WDI
		Value lost to electrical outages	WB WDI
1.8 Enterprise sustainability	How effective is the private sector in your country in understanding and responding to threats and opportunities posed by climate change? How effective is the private sector in your country at promoting environmental protection and avoiding environmental degradation?	CO₂ emissions (kg per PPP $ of GDP)	World Bank
1.8 Enterprise sustainability		Percent of energy from renewables	International Energy Association
1.9 Informal sector	How effectively is the informal sector being integrated into the formal economy in your country?	Time to start a business (days)	WB DB
		Cost to start a business (percent of income per capita)	WB DB
		Percentage of employment which is vulnerable	World Bank
1.10 Technology infrastructure	N/A	Mobile phone subscribers	World Bank
1.10 Technology infrastructure	N/A	Global innovation index - infrastructure pillar	Cornell

Pillar 2: Government capability

Sub-index	Primary survey	Secondary data	Sources
2.1 Macroeconomic framework	N/A	Inflation stability Exchange rate stability Credit default swap rates Current account deficit Average inflation	IMF World Bank NYU - Stern School of Business IMF IMF
2.2 Public administration and state business relations	How effective is the government in your country at fostering a constructive relationship with business to promote a healthy and dynamic economy?	Share of female MPs Corruption index State legitimacy Public services Government effectiveness index Resource efficiency Political stability and absence of violence	Inter Parliamentary Union WB WGI Fragile States Index Fragile States Index WB WGI BTI WB WGI
2.3 Regulation	N/A	Rigidity of employment Regulatory quality index Efficiency of legal framework in challenging regulations Burden of government regulation	Fraser Institute WB WGI WEF GCI WEF GCI
2.4 Fiscal and budgeting	How effective is the government in your country at mobilizing, managing, and using resources to respond to short-term negative shocks without undermining long-term macroeconomic stability?	Government budget balance as percent GDP Gross government debt (percent of GDP)	World Bank IMF
2.5 Rule of law	To what extent is “respect for the rule of law” upheld in your country with an independent judiciary and high-quality institutions?	Rule of law index Efficiency of legal framework in settling disputes Rule of law	WB WGI WEF GCI BTI
2.6 Government strategic planning and horizon scanning	How effective is the government in your country in supporting long-term economic growth? How effective is the government in your country at identifying and capitalizing on positive change opportunities?	Future orientation of government	WEF GCI
2.7 Environment and sustainability	How effective is the government in your country in understanding and responding to threats and opportunities posed by climate change? How effective is the government in your country at promoting environmental protection and avoiding environmental degradation?	Environmental performance index	Yale University
2.8 Food and energy security	To what extent is your country prepared to manage potential disruptions or unavailability of critical food supplies? To what extent is your country prepared to manage potential disruptions or unavailability of critical energy supplies?	Energy imports, net (percent of energy use)	World Bank
2.9 Land rights	To what extent do land registration procedures within your country establish and enforce clear and official ownership of land?	International property rights index Quality of land administration index	Property Rights Alliance WB DB
2.10 Security	N/A	Business costs of organized crime Reliability of police service Economic costs of violence	WEF GCI WEF GCI Institute for Economics & Peace

Pillar 3: People & civil society capability

Sub-index	Primary survey	Secondary data	Sources
3.1 Human capital	N/A	Adult literacy rate	UNESCO
		Secondary enrolment rate	UNESCO
		Tertiary enrolment rate	UNESCO
		Quality of vocational education	WEF GCI
		Extent of staff training	WEF GCI
		Ease of finding skilled employees	WEF GCI
		Pupil to teacher ratio in primary education	WEF GCI
		School life expectancy	WEF GCI
		Skillset of graduates	WEF GCI
3.2 Entrepreneurship	To what extent are there effective incentives in your country that encourage entrepreneurship?	Entrepreneurship and opportunity sub-index	Legatum Institute
3.3 Civil society	To what extent are civil society organizations allowed to influence and participate in important policy debates? How effective are civil society organizations in advocating for policies and programs to address climate change?	Political and social integration	BTI
		Voice and accountability	WB WGI
		Human rights fragile states index	Fund for Peace
		Democracy index	EIU
3.4 Safety nets	How effective is the provision of social safety-net assistance to people in need in your country, from the public sector and other sources (e.g., migrant transfers, NGOs, and charities)?	Social capital sub-index	Legatum Institute
		Workers' remittances and compensation of employees, received ( percent of gdp)	WB WDI
		External intervention measure	Failed States Index
3.5 Technology use	N/A	Global innovation index online creativity sub pillar	Cornell University
		Used an account to make a transaction through a phone call	World Bank
		Digital skills among active population	WEF GCI
3.6 Gender	How effective are institutions, laws, practices and customs in your country at providing women the same opportunities as men to participate in the economy?	Labor force participation	ILO
		Ratio of female to male literacy rate	WB WDI
		Ratio of female to male enrolment in primary education	WB WDI
		Ratio of female to male enrolment in secondary education	WB WDI
		Ratio of female to male enrolment in tertiary education	WB WDI
		Gender inequality index	UNDP
		Wage equality between women and men for similar work	WEF Gender Gap report
3.7 Inclusiveness of growth	How effective are the public and commercial institutions in your country in promoting economic growth that includes the poor, and does not exclude significant groups or regions?	Gini coefficient index	WB WDI
		Income share held by highest 20 percent	WB WDI
		Poverty indicator international poverty line $2 a day	WB WDI
		Loss due to inequality in income (percent)	UNDP
		Uneven economic development – fragile states index	Fund for Peace
		Percentage of population with a bank account	World Bank
3.8 Demographics	How well prepared is your country to adapt to changes resulting from potential demographic shifts over the next decade, including an aging population or rising numbers of youth?	Global agewatch index	Helpage International
		Percentage of children under 5 years of age who are stunted	WHO
		Out-of-school-rates	UNESCO
		International migrant stock (percent of population)	WB WDI
		Working age population forecast	United Nations
3.9 Access to information	N/A	Press freedom index	Reporters without borders
3.9 Access to information	N/A	E-government - online service	United Nations
3.10 Health	N/A	Access to clean water	WB WDI
		Access to improved sanitation	WB WDI
		Healthcare spending as percent of GDP	WB WDI
		Nurses and midwifes per 100,000	WHO
		Access to health services	IHME

Source acronyms
BTI	Bertelsmann Transformation Index
GII	Global Innovation Index
EIU	Economist Intelligence Unit
FFP - FSI	Fund For Peace – Fragile State Index
IEA	International Energy Agency
HF - IEF	Heritage Foundation - Index of Economic Freedom
ILO	International Labour Organization
IMF	International Monetary Fund
IPU	Inter-Parliamentary Union
LI	Legatum Institute
NYU	New York University
OE	Oxford Economics
PRA	Property Right Alliance
UN HDI	United Nations Human Development Index
UNCTAD	United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP	United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO	United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation
WB DB	World Bank Doing Business Index
WB WDI	World Bank World Development Indicators
WB WGI	World Bank World Governance Indicators
WEF GCI	World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index
WEF GGGI	World Economic Forum Global Gender Gap Index
WHO	World Health Organisation

*As is the case with indices that rely to an extent on secondary data, CRI scores and ranks can be affected by statistical errors inherent in the underlying data. Additional statistical variation and uncertainty can result from the gaps in published official data for certain secondary indicators, especially in countries with low statistical availability and quality. Inherent risks in the accuracy of survey data were mitigated through careful selection of respondents against strict criteria, and provision of guidance on the survey scoring systems.‎

*All uses of the word ‘country’ or ‘countries’ in the 2019 Change Readiness Index (CRI) refers to both countries and jurisdictions. The term country is used for brevity.

Back-view of boy with empty pot sitting on a barren land looking sunrise

2019 Change Readiness Index

Assessing countries’ ability to manage change and cultivate opportunity.

2019 Change Readiness Index Heat Map

This map provides a world view of change readiness levels in 140 countries. Click on a country to view its entry in the CRI online tool.

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